Triple and Quadruple Helix Models: Strategies of Saudi Universities to Foster Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Technology Localization

الملخص

Innovation models such as the Triple Helix, Quadruple Helix, and emerging Quintuple Helix frameworks provide critical lenses for analyzing university–industry–government–society interactions. In Saudi Arabia, these frameworks align closely with the national Vision 2030 agenda to foster a knowledge-based economy. This study investigates the innovation and entrepreneurship strategies of eight Saudi universities, examining their institutional mechanisms such as investment arms, incubators, accelerators, and technology parks. A qualitative case study approach was employed, drawing on publicly available institutional documents and reports from 2022–2025. Key performance indicators, including patent activity, startup initiatives, and societal engagement, were coded and compared across institutions. The findings indicate that while most universities operate primarily within a Triple Helix (TH) framework, some, notably Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, demonstrate elements of Quadruple Helix (QH) integration. Some universities, such as KAUST, have introduced sustainability-focused initiatives (e.g., water and energy research), which can be seen as preliminary steps toward Quintuple Helix (QNH) adoption. The study concludes with recommendations to strengthen civil society and sustainability dimensions. These findings highlight the need for stronger integration of civil society and environmental sustainability within Saudi universities' innovation strategies, with practical implications for policymakers and university leadership.