رقمنة الأثار والتراث العمراني ومحاكاته ودراسته باستخدام الاستشعار عن بعد قلعة عسفان الأثرية نموذجًا

Abstract

Archaeology and history are among the strongest and most important sciences due to their role in studying and discovering ancient archaeological and urban heritage, as well as preserving and protecting it from disappearance, destruction, attack, misuse, and deriving knowledge about ancient civilizations and documenting and studying them closely. Since there are no digital three-dimensional modeling databases with an official documented character for the archaeological and urban heritage contents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there is a need to deal with ancient heritage digitally. Therefore, the study used modern techniques and software for digital photogrammetry, historical information systems, and remote sensing to reach the best methods of protection, preservation, archiving, and availability. The study aims to create a digital historical model (DHM) of the Asfan Castle by using near aerial photography using drones and digital photogrammetry software; evaluating and measuring the project of the DHM of the Asfan Castle; preserving and documenting the outputs of the digital historical model and making it available. One of the most important results is that the study obtained a digital historical model with good accuracy in a time that did not exceed an hour and a half of actual work; A number of products were extracted, including the DHM, the digital terrain model (DTM), and the orthomosaic image; The accuracy and validity of the digital model depend on the overlap between the images, the shooting positions, and also the type of camera used, and high accuracy can be achieved by using ground control points (GPCs); The verification, evaluation, and measurement stage were the most important stages in creating the digital model; The results of evaluating and measuring the digital model were good and satisfactory and were measured and evaluated in four ways: visual inspection, quality report review, projection onto the radiating cloud and modification, and inspection points. Finally, a number of recommendations were suggested regarding encouraging researchers and specialists in history and archaeology to delve into the knowledge, skills, and techniques of digitizing ancient archaeological and urban heritage contents; protecting and preserving them digitally under the supervision of specialized governmental entities; and conducting similar studies.